File:Screenshot 2025-12-21 at 7.41.49 PM.png

Paeoniflorin on nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) adapted from Sun, Liu et al, Yu et al. Paeoniflorin inhibits the high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), which plays a large role in activating the non-conical nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This pathway occurs as NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) activates NF-κB2 precursor protein, p100, leading to formation of p52/RelB dimer. The p52/RelB dimer is translocated to the cell nucleus leading to changes in gene expression and subsequent processes promoting inflammation and immune response.